Atelectasis is a complete or partial collapse of the entire lung or area (lobe) of the lung. It occurs when the tiny air sacs (alveoli) within the lung become deflated or possibly filled with alveolar fluid.
Atelectasis is one of the most common breathing (respiratory) complications after surgery. It’s also a possible complication of other respiratory problems, including cystic fibrosis, lung tumors, chest injuries, fluid in the lung and respiratory weakness. You may develop atelectasis if you breathe in a foreign object.
Atelectasis can make breathing difficult, particularly if you already have lung disease. Treatment depends on the cause and severity of the collapse.
There may be no obvious signs or symptoms of atelectasis. If you do have signs and symptoms, they may include: Difficulty breathing, rapid, shallow breathing and wheezing cough
Causes
Atelectasis occurs from a blocked airway (obstructive) or pressure from outside the lung (nonobstructive).
General anesthesia is a common cause of atelectasis. It changes your regular pattern of breathing and affects the exchange of lung gases, which can cause the air sacs (alveoli) to deflate. Nearly everyone who has major surgery develops some amount of atelectasis. It often occurs after heart bypass surgery.
Obstructive atelectasis may be caused by many things, including:
Mucus plug
A mucus plug is a buildup of mucus in your airways. It commonly occurs during and after surgery because you can’t cough. Drugs given during surgery make you breathe less deeply, so normal secretions collect in the airways. Suctioning the lungs during surgery helps clear them, but sometimes they still build up. Mucus plugs are also common in children, people with cystic fibrosis and during severe asthma attacks.
Foreign body
Atelectasis is common in children who have inhaled an object, such as a peanut or small toy part, into their lungs.
Tumor inside the airway
An abnormal growth can narrow the airway.
Possible causes of nonobstructive atelectasis include:
Injury. Chest trauma — from a fall or car accident, for example — can cause you to avoid taking deep breaths (due to the pain), which can result in compression of your lungs.
Pleural effusion
This condition involves the buildup of fluid between the tissues (pleura) that line the lungs and the inside of the chest wall.
Pneumonia
Various types of pneumonia, a lung infection, can cause atelectasis.
Pneumothorax
Air leaks into the space between your lungs and chest wall, indirectly causing some or all of a lung to collapse.
Scarring of lung tissue
Scarring could be caused by injury, lung disease or surgery.
Tumor
A large tumor can press against and deflate the lung, as opposed to blocking the air passages.
